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The most common types of brake calipers found in vehicles are fixed calipers and floating calipers. Fixed calipers have pistons on both sides of the rotor, which provides a strong and consistent braking force, whereas floating calipers (also known as sliding calipers) move slightly to allow for even wear on the brake pads. This combination of fixed and floating calipers is widely used in modern automotive brake systems due to their effectiveness and reliability in providing stopping power.

Other types mentioned in the options, such as lateral, rotating, radial, and sliding calipers, are not standard terms commonly used to describe brake calipers. Single-piston and dual-piston calipers describe the number of pistons within a caliper, but they fall under the broader categories of fixed or floating calipers. Therefore, the distinction between fixed and floating types is significant as they represent the primary mechanisms by which braking force is applied in vehicles.